A Black Police Officer, Edward Raymond Serving - 1505 Words

This reaction paper is based on a black police officer, Edward Raymond serving in the N.Y.P.D. whom from an early age had a rough upcoming. Being part of the minority Raymond experienced firsthand the difficulties growing up with gang violence around him, drug selling and even frequent killings. Although being around all these activities Raymond never chose to partake in any of them but rather focused on working and attending school. Raymond at his young age was described as having a powerful, rigid sense of morality, despite the fact of always talking about the troubles of gang violence and drugs, he was frequently stopped by the police at least once a week. Ray was influenced by a family friend who had become a police officer, raving†¦show more content†¦His supervisors didn’t approve his approach, criticizing he was bringing the number of arrest down and he got punished for it. The punishment for officers like this is putting them into spaces they call â€Å"The Box† which includes video monitoring at fixed post or including other unwanted assignments. This is when Ray realized he had to do something to protect himself. He began recording his conversations with other police officers, mostly supervisors who would punish him for the way he performed him job. Ray’s first recordings were about a warning about a lieutenant confronting him about his low activity and admitting that the department was all about the numbers. Ray’s post and reputation grew worse, but he still continued to give less summons. His immediate supervisor who was also a black sergeant from Trinidad called him in to give him a negative evaluation, which he had been forced by his superiors, so he continued to ask questions to get confessions on the recordings. Raymond found out about the lawsuit other officers were had put together and no longer felt alone, he felt like he had to contribute and signed it quietly. At this same time a new commander in his district came in and immediately began to go after Raymond, so he proceeded to asking his supervisor to re-do his evaluation to give him even a less score which will prevent him making it to sergeant as well. Raymond later filed

Erik Erikson s Theory Of Life Span Development - 2134 Words

Introduction: Erik Erikson’s views on the eight stages of development formalized and systematized the concept of life span development. His framework suggested that humans should be understood longitudinally and socially in the development of personality. Erikson is generally regarded as having a comprehensive, time tested, and well-established theory for growth along the life span. Erikson’s views on development made an addition to some aspects of Freud and deviated from some of his other emphases. Erikson proposed that we develop more â€Å"Psychosocially† than â€Å"Pyschosexually† (Freud’s framework), which crosses the entire life span. His view is deterministic in the sense that adults are effected by their childhood, but he is not reductionistic in suggesting that the entire mold of adult personality is formed only in the early years; rather there is ongoing development throughout life. Erikson’s eight stages are best characterized as obstacles that humans must pass through in order to meet and succeed at challenges presented to their life. Failure in one of the stages will ultimately result in a breakdown of personality, and in a more acute sense, one cannot progress along the life span. One must say that these transitions involve a â€Å"crisis that must be resolved† (Santrock, 2012, pp.22). Identity vs. Role Confusion Apart from Piaget’s emphasis on the development of cognition, the teenage years may be expressed in terms of the search for identity. Erikson harnessed this truth inShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Life Span Development Theory1269 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson’s life span development theory, also known as the Eight Stages of Man, offers a perspective of human development through all stages of life. Erikson believed that as humans grow older, they go through eight stages of development that each present a crisis for the individual to resolve during that stage. Each crisis must be resolved before a new one can be presented. Successful resolution at each stage creates the foundation needed to build the next. This paper will discuss Erikson’sRead MoreErik Erikson : Psychosocial Development1103 Words   |  5 PagesErik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages of Development â€Å"Erik Erikson was best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked and important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood events, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan† (Cherry). This paper will discuss Erikson’s childhood and the influence it had on his work. AlsoRead MoreThe Eight Crisis Stages Of Erik Erikson Development Theory1456 Words   |  6 PagesA theory is defined by an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that help to explain phenomena and facilitate predictions. With development the series of age-related changes that happen over the course of a life span which theorist observe these developments as a series of stages during which individuals displays qualities of behavior patterns. There are five theoretical orientation to development such as psychoanalytic, cogni tive, behavioral and social cognitive, ethological, and ecologicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Eriksons Theory On Early Childhood Education1212 Words   |  5 Pagesthe education profession. Erik Erikson Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidence is wounded, trust impaired. - Erik Erikson Erik Erikson (1902-1994) was a Germon born developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human lie. He is most famous for devising the phrase â€Å"identity crisis.† Erikson was a Harvard professor althoughRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory On Child Development1388 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory on Child Development Erik Erikson, a well known developmental theorist, developed his theory about stages of human development from birth to death by using Freud s work as a starting point. According to Erikson, personality develops in a series of stages. Erikson found out that children experience conflicts which affect their development. He described the internal conflict which children go through in developmental stages using the term ‘crisis’ and are based onRead MoreThe Differences Between Adult And Adolescent Thinking Essay887 Words   |  4 Pagesadulthood, our lives change drastically. Our goals, achievements and conceptions of life differentiate as we mature. As we grow older, we no longer concern ourselves with self-identity or the opinions of others, but instead we focus on our accomplishments and evaluate our life (if we lived a meaningful life). From adolescence to late adulthood, we experience different developmental tasks at a particular place in our life span. Our cognitive processes, such as how we think, remember, decide and perceiveRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development1060 Words   |  5 PagesTheories of human development deliver a framework to deliberate human growth, development, and learning. Understanding the theories can deliver useful contents into individuals and society a set of principles and concepts that describe life span development. Development perspectives are the psychoanalytic theory, behavior theory, humanistic approach and cognitive theory. Each theory focuses on different aspects of human development. The psychoanalytic is â€Å"the approach stating that behavior is motivatedRead MoreErik Erikson s Development Theory1408 Words   |  6 Pages Erik Erikson’s Development theory Erik Erikson’s was born June 15, 1902, in southern Germany, His Jewish mother Karla Abrahamsen and to biological father, who was on unnamed Darnish man. Erikson’s biological abandoned him before he was born. Erikson was brought up by his mother and stepfather, Theodor Homberger, who was Erikson’s pediatrician. He never knew the true identity of his biological father. He always was in search of his identity; Erikson’s search for identity took him through someRead MoreHas Anyone Put Any Psychological Thought Into How They1483 Words   |  6 Pagespsychologists, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget, dedicated their lives to this type of development. Erikson theorists would take a social influence stance, and Piagetian theorists focus on one’s cognition. So, who is right? More knowledge has been obtained to know that human behavior should be social and the need to socialize with other people. Erikson believes this whereas Piaget thought of qualitative th inking that shapes a child. Erikson is more influential about identity development because he explainsRead MoreSocialisation, Personal Identity, Gender Identity And Gender Roles1313 Words   |  6 Pagesis supported through the findings of Erik Erikson and Lawrence Kohlberg. Erik Erikson’s Theory: Erik Erikson (1902-1994) used Freud’s findings as a foundation to develop a theory about human stage development. During Erikson’s work from 1950-1963 he added modifications to Freud’s findings resulting in a proposition of a psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial development that occurs over a human’s lifespan and encompasses all life stages of human development; infancy (birth to 18 months), early childhood

Osteoporosis is known as a Degenerative Disease

Question: What is Osteoporosis? Answer: Osteoporosis is known as a degenerative disease that decrements the density of the bone material. The outcome of it is structural weakening making the bones brittle. It is common in old women, and the one with insufficient diets. It affects about 25% women who are above 60 years and about 4000 people are killed in Australia because of these hip fractures (Nelson 2000, p4). Osteoporosis affects about 1.2 million Australians and out of these many didnt know they have osteoporosis. Without interventions the number may increase 3 million by the end of 2012. Additionally there are about 6.3 million people having osteopenia that is thin bones. In this paper the findings about the osteoporosis, the prevention methods of disease, the occurrence of osteoporosis among the Australian population is given in detail. Two types of osteoporosis occur in the individuals. One is Type I that occurs in woman in late age due to drop in estrogen levels which occurs due to menopause and affects the spongy bones. Second is Type II that increases with the increase in age, and affects spongy as well as compact bone. It occurs both in males and females (Anderson 2003, p152). The risk factors for osteoporosis are improper nutrition, Low physical activity, low vitamin D intake low calcium intake and low exercises. According to the Geelong osteoporosis study in Australia 87% of female who are 55 years or more than that have low calcium intakes that is below the optimal level. According to a survey in Australian population the major fractures occur in the Hip and pelvis that is about 40.5% and the wrist and forearm that is about 17.1% (Eismen et al, 2007). The Australian government is doing a lot and performing various researches to prevent osteoporosis. In 2011 Osteoporosis Australia Summit was organized aiming to build healthy bones throughout the life (Krisfield, 2005). It was develop information and recommendations about calcium, vitamin D and exercises to build up health bones in children, adults and old ones. It was seen in a survey that in 2011-12 the occurrence was about 15% in women and 3% of Australians, among them the ones aged above 50 were the major sufferers. All of these strategies has lessen the number to a certain extent from last ten years. The prevalence strategies include providing proper nutrition, providing pre hospital care, providing free exercise classes and spreading education to safe the individuals from the disease. In the hospitals the government has appointed lot of GPs to treat the patients, the facilities like medications, prescriptions, surgeries has been increased to safe the lives of the Australian po pulation. Summing up, osteoporosis has become a great burden to Australian population. Many researches are performed in past and still many are being performed to safeguard the one who are the victims of osteoporosis and the ones who are not by providing prevention methods and making aware them about the risk factors. References Anderson M A 2003,Caring for older adults holistically, 3rdEdn, F.A. Davis Company, USA. Center JR, Bliuc D, Nguyen TV Eisman JA 2007. Risk of subsequent fracture after low-trauma fracture in men and women. Journal of American Medical Association 297:38794 Draper G, Turrell G, Oldenburg B 2005. Health inequalities in Australia: mortality. Health inequalities monitoring series no.1. Cat. no. PHE 55. Canberra: Queensland University of Technology and AIHW. International Osteoporosis Foundation Bone Health n.d., Pathophysiology: Biological Causes of Osteoporosis, International Osteoporosis Foundation, accessed 31May 2012 www.iofbonehealth.org/bonehealth/pathophysiology-biological-causes-osteoporosis Kreisfeld R Harrison J 2005. Injury deaths, Australia, 1999. Cat. no. INJCAT 67. Canberra: AIHW. Nelson M E, Wernick S 2000,Strong Women, Strong Bones,Lotian Books, South Melbourne, Victoria

Why hate crimes should carry more severe punishments

Introduction The world of crime has had numerous inventions of crime types cropping up each day in the society. These crimes range from the simple ones such as piracy to the complex ones such as murder. However, regardless of the weight of the crime committed, justice has to take place by having the criminal punished.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Why hate crimes should carry more severe punishments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The hate crime is one such crime that happens to occur each day in almost all regions of the world (Levin and McDevitt). Common hate crimes that have been documented include those listed below. The case of â€Å"Admiral Duncan, a ‘gay pub’ in Soho, London in which three died, and scores were injured, is an example. And the callous attack on the young gay man Matthew Shepard who was pistol-whipped and left lashed to a fence in freezing conditions to die later in hospital in Wyoming in October 1998† (Iganski 1). Others include â€Å"the brutal murder by white supremacists of James Byrd, who was beaten unconscious, chained to the back of a pickup truck and dragged for miles along rural roads outside the town of Jasper, Texas in June 1998, as well as the racist murder of black teenager Stephen Lawrence in South London in 1993† (Iganski 1). These are just but some of the cases that attracted media attention. Others have taken place and left unmentioned because of the current laws regarding hate crimes. Hate crimes entail several criminal offences such as arson, assault, vandalism, injury, and murder. They normally come about when one party is motivated by bias of issues such as religion, sex, class, ethnic group, political affiliation, gender, and age among other differences, to hurt the other party (Elmore 1). The aforementioned factors that arouse bias are difficult to change hence making the victim continue suffering if at all there is no intervention by the law. When hate crimes are committed, they bring about damage to property, injury to the individual and psychological issues depending on the type of criminal act committed. In other words, hate crimes normally cause diversified impacts on the victim of the act, as well as the community (Elmore 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it should be known that all human beings have their rights and freedom, which protect them from being victimized. In case, an individual is victimized through the hate crimes the law should intervene to punish the criminals who violate the rights of other people. This research paper will be an in-depth analysis of the punishments accorded to hate crime offenders. The reasons as to why these punishments should be made more severe because of the psychological impact they bring about to the victim and the commun ity will also be discussed. The psychological impact of hate crimes Unlike other criminal offences, hate crimes not only have an impact on the victim but the community is also affected by the crime (Elmore 1). A victim of hate crime will undergo several physical and psychological problems because of the act. For instance, when one is raped or assaulted, their physical body is normally injured especially the body parts that the victim gets hold of. Thereafter, the victim will be at risk of being in distress, depressed, stressed and anxious, which in most cases leads to posttraumatic disorder. Posttraumatic disorder will occur in cases where the victim was threatened to death or severely injured like in the case of arson. In most of the cases, posttraumatic disorder is characterized by nightmares, disturbed sleep, and loud illusions that inflict much fear on the victim (Elmore 1). In other cases, the victim may have a low self-esteem thus refusing to interact with the other people as they did before. The individual victim of hate crimes have also been noticed to develop the desire for revenge, which makes them angry at all times (Elmore 1). Hopelessness is also another character that comes about because of hate crimes. The victims could also suffer from shame and humiliation especially from people who witnessed the act. Although, the crime may have seemed to be of minute effect in the first instance, the outcomes may have a significant effect on the life of the victim after the crime. The life of the individual may completely change from the outgoing persons they were before to the self-reserved persons who have no hope for the future.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Why hate crimes should carry more severe punishments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The society also suffers from hate crimes committed, as the criminals of hate crimes pose a great threat to the people in the communi ty. For instance, in a community where cases of rape are rampant, people especially of the female gender will have this fear of being late to their homes hence being forced to be home early because of security reasons (Elmore 1). The same applies to cases where arsonists are rampant. The community members will be living in fear thus not having peace. In this case, they will not be sleeping comfortably during the night. In other cases, hate crimes that target specific groups of religion or political affiliations will create fear in these groups, thus hindering people from joining them. Similarly, when people are part of a group targeted by the hate crime offenders they tend to feel insecure. In severe cases, this could lead to mental problems being experienced by the affected people. The reason behind this is the tension created by the hate crime offenders. Other than psychological problems, hate crimes also bring about damage of public goods of the community. For instance, hate crim e offenders could destroy churches, temples, and other places of worships, if they are against the religious sects. This affects the development of the community as they are forced to reconstruct the destroyed properties all again (Elmore 1). Additionally, the community loses trust in criminal justice institutions, since they believe that the reason as to why the hate crime offenders exist is that the law is lenient on them. If at all, the law was strict and put in place severe punishments for the hate crime offenders, cases of hate crimes would no longer exist. The punishments accorded to hate crimes Offenders Despite the increase of hate crime in the recent past especially in the United States of America, the best way of dealing with the hate crime offenders has not been arrived at. The controversy mainly lies on the weight of the crime in which the antagonists have classified issues of hate crime to be petty.Advertising Looking for research paper on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The protagonists, on the other hand, call for severe punishments for the hate crime offenders. In most cases, the hate crime offenders are normally punished through penalty enhancements (Reuter 33). In this case, the offender has to be found guilty of bias before being punished under the court of jurisdiction. The motive of bias differs from country to country with some basing it on religious matters, political affiliations, or racial discriminations (Reuter 34). Nevertheless, the court is left to give a ruling on the case of hate crime. This is because most countries have not put in place legislation that guides the jurisdiction of hate crime offenders. Why the punishments on hate crimes should be more severe Having looked at the impacts that hate crimes cause to the individual victim and the society it is of the essence that severe punishments are accorded to the hate crime offenders. The fact that there is no clear jurisdiction of punishing the hate crime offenders, calls for the enactment of laws that will ensure substantial punishment of the hate crime offenders (Reuter 35). As noted earlier, most countries rely on the presence of bias in the crime in order to pass judgment on the offender. This should not be the case as hate crimes hold serious matters just like other crimes. In this case, they should be treated with the same weight. The debate on the punishment of hate crime offenders has been in the lime light for a long time now. There are the antagonists who criticize the severity of the punishments accorded to the hate crime offenders. Those critics argue that increasing the punishment of hate crime offenders is against the fundamental human rights. They claim that the hate crime offenders should not be severely punished as people are debating about, since they are just human beings like the others. Furthermore, the hate crime offenders are in the same league as the other criminal offenders and should therefore not be ‘over-punished’ (R euter 35). The critics go on to claim that the hate crime offenders have families to take care of, as well as other responsibilities that human beings have. On the other hand, those who advocate severe punishments on the offenders of hate crime argue that in executing the punishment, it is not the offender being punished but rather the mistake. In this, they argue that human rights are not violated in the execution of the punishment. In addition, the fact that hate crimes bring about so much harm to the victims and the society, it is of the essence that the hate crime offenders are severely punished (Reuter 35). For instance, the government of the United States of America has enacted laws that impose severe punishments to the criminals of hate crime. The punishment is more than the usual punishment that is accorded to offenders of other crimes. Looking at the debate from the perspective of an individual or society that has suffered from hate crimes, one would definitely agree to it that the hate crime offenders deserve severe punishments. As discussed earlier, hate crimes could significantly affect the life of an individual by completely transforming them from the outgoing personality they had to the self-reserved and hopeless individuals. Having this in mind, it is agreeable that hate crime offenders cause great harm to the people in the society and should therefore, be severely punished. Hate crimes also bring about fear of joining or being in certain differential groups as well as making the people in the society to live in fear. This violates the rights and freedom of human beings, something that is against the laws. As such, the punishment of hate crime should incorporate the penalty of the act as well as the violation of human rights and freedom. The Current debate on hate crimes punishments The situation of hate crime has taken a different route in the recent past, with the legislative arms of governments of most nations enacting laws that advocate for severe punishments for the hate crime offenders. In 1999, the parliament of the United States government passed a bill by 83-61 vote that advocated for tougher penalties on the hate crime offenders (Parker 1). During the proceedings of the bill enactment, the author of the bill gave an example of an individual who had been killed by a track the previous year, whose death had caused much pain to the family members (Parker 1). Although, there was no agreement during that sitting, subsequent campaigns have been put in place to ensure that hate crime offenders get tough and severe punishments (Shively and Mulford 1). It is however, important that hate crime offenders are severely punished to not only prevent them from repeating the crime but also bar other potential offenders to commit hate crimes. As such, the society will be safe and people will no longer be living in fear of hate crime offenders (Parker 1). At the same, people in the society will be able to enjoy their rights and fre edom without interference. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is clear that hate crimes are just the common criminal offences that are committed on a day-to-day basis. These include acts such as rape, arson, vandalism, and murder just to mention a few. The hate crimes have been seen to bring about many negative impacts on the life of the individual victim and the whole society (Parker 1). Given the fact that these hate crimes bring about much trauma in the life on the victim causing them to change from who they were initially, it is of the essence that the hate crime offenders get severe punishment. Again, the community is affected when hate crime offenders are present in the society (Elmore 1). A society that is invaded by hate crime individuals faces the risk of being damaged thus demanding for reconstruction of the damaged property (Shively and Mulford 1). Concisely, the society in whole fall victim of the hate crimes as human rights and freedom are violated. This is someth ing that is against the law. The debate has however, been on whether the punishment of the hate crime offenders should be more severe (Levin and McDevitt). The issue remains controversial, despite the several attempts to clarify and create some sense on the arguments. Those who are against the increase in punishment of hate crime offenders claim that it will be against the human rights to punish the hate crime offenders more than the other criminal offenders. On the other hand, those advocating for the increase in punishment argue that it is not the individual being punished but rather the mistake committed, hence no violation of any human rights (Levin and McDevitt). In conclusion, it is true to say that hate crimes cause psychological impact on the individual and the society. As such, the hate crime offenders should be severely punished given the effect they cause. Works Cited Elmore, Diane. The Psychology of Hate Crimes. American Psychological Association.  N.d. Web. Iganski, P aul. The Hate Debate. Institute for Jewish Policy Research. 2002. Web. Levin, Charles., and McDevitt, Kevin. Hate Crimes: The Rising Tide of Bigotry and  Bloodshed. New York: Plenum Press, 1993. Print. Parker, Philip. Hate crime offenders would face tougher punishment under bill approved  by House. Morris News Service. April 1999. Web. Reuter, Nona. Hate Crime Laws: A Practical Guide. OSCE. 2009. Web. Shively, Michael., and Mulford, Carrie. Hate Crime in America: The Debate Continues.  National Institute of Justice Journal. 257, (2007): 1. Web. This research paper on Why hate crimes should carry more severe punishments was written and submitted by user Taraji Monroe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.