Nursing Jobs Specialties Essay

Good morning, my name is Annamaria Amodei. I was born in Florence Italy and lived there for 20 years. I then came to New York in 1981. In the last 30 years I went through lots of changes in my life and in my careers. I grew older and wiser by going through a marriage, 3 wonderful children, a divorce and a several jobs within several different sectors of industries, from restaurant manager and owner to medical billing therefore dealing with the public at all times. In the mid 90s I decided to return to school and because my interest was in health I enrolled in a 2 year nutrition program receiving an associated degree in dietetics in 2000. Instead of applying my degree to a job in nutrition, I become a co-owner of a surgical supply store which has kept me occupied for the past 10 years. I’ve been again involved with the public, this time a very different one. The people I see are mostly physically sick, handicapped or in some kind of physical pain They were coming into my store because they knew that I could help them with my knowledge, experience and a deep will to help others. I found myself helping one person after another and I realized that helping others gave me a lot of joy, because I knew that I was able to make a difference in someone’s life. So about a year ago I decided to go further with my studies. I searched for a program to fulfill my needs and a school that would offer excellent training. That is why I applied to D’Youville College where I’m going to start my nursing education in January 2011. I have so much love in me and so much compassion to give that I cannot think of a better way to share that with other people than to care for them as a nurse. I want to impact people’s lives whether it’s just for a second, a moment or a lifetime. I want to be that nurse that cannot only be just a nurse, but can also be a friend to her patients. A nurse can touch lives in so many different ways and aspects. The purpose of a nurse is to fulfill his/her job in different areas of people’s lives and situations, and because we all ail in different ways. A nurse is trained to make sure that each patient is comfortable no matter what is the nature of their illness. I ruely believe that if you are a good nurse you will find satisfaction in your patient’s recovery and it is a nurse’s obligation to treat all patients with the utmost respect as well as to maintain their dignity at all times. A nurse has to be knowledgeable enough to understand each patient’s situation as an individual and attend to their needs accordingly because every case is so different and unique. That is why I strongly believe that educat ion and experience are very important keys for a nurse to master her/his profession. There are many other ways that a nurse with a bachelor or a master degree in USA can find employment outside the hospitals settings. Community Health Nurses – Usually this type of nurses work for the government, towns, cities and also non-profit agencies. Their job is to inform the public about how to avoid health risks, how to achieve a healthier lifestyle including principals of good nutrition and the basics of physical fitness. They often address a certain segment of population, such as children or elderly, and they usually will be doing public speaking at schools, churches, community groups, etc. Prison-Jail Nursing – This is another way a nurse can give her services to a population that unfortunately is growing and they also have a lot of health problems and they require the proper attention. It takes a special kind of nurse to work in a correction facility and they probably have had many prior opportunities to experience nursing before beginning a prison nursing career. Managed Care Nursing – Is another way that a nurse can find employment. More and more people are having health insurance and a lot of health problems, so the cost of healthcare is skyrocketing. HMO’s, Medicare Medicaid and other private insurance companies are hiring nurses directly to work for them. Managed care nurses serve both patients and their employers providing quality health care for more people by educating their clients in prevention and healthy lifestyles, and looking for different health care delivery in order to keep the cost of insurances down. Nursing Educator –. Because of the increasing nurseing shortage, the demand for nurse educators is becoming very popular. Nurses with a master degree and several years of experience who love their profession combined with a love for teaching and the passion for sharing their knowledge are perfect for this kind of job. Missionary Nurses –There are many organization and agencies providing support and relief to third world countries. If you want to help people less fortunate than yourself and you don’t mind spending time overseas, there is no better way to do that than putting all your knowledge and skills to work for these agencies and organizations. School Nursing – Private or public schools are employing more nurses than ever before because today there are more kids enrolled in school than ever and with more special needs. A school nurse needs to love working with kids and adolescents. Pain Management Nursing – For this kind of nursing a master degree is required. Many nurses in this field work with cancer patients, in homes, hospitals or with Hospice. In the past few years there have been tremendous advances in understanding pain, measuring its intensity and responding with appropriate doses of medication. Administrative Nursing – This kind of nurses work in large medical clinics, legal firms and big companies. If you have talent for managing people and enjoy working in an administrative position and you‘ve got good office and people skills, this is also a very good nursing career. This position requires a master degree and some experience. Substance Abuse Nursing – Alcohol and drugs are unfortunately a growing number in today’s society. These nurse work with people who are struggling with addition. Many of them work in detox and rehab clinics. They help people to safely end their addition and try to work with them on the cause of the problem and help them overcome and build a drug and alcohol resistance. This nursing career can be very frustrating at times due to the power that these additions have over people, leading to many relapses. But for a nurse who really wants to improve people’s lives this is an admirable career. Temp Nursing – Many nurses choose not to work for a single facility and they associate with one of the many temporary nurses stuffing agency across the country. This is a very flexible kind of work, they can choose to work or not in a particular place. Some agency specializes in travel nursing which means that a nurse could work several weeks from Los Angeles to New York and even in Hawaii. The housing is paid for and this is an excellent opportunity for single people. If you are a nurse that wants lots of flexibility then a temp nurse is an excellent career choice. Nurses are also needed in all branches of the military. Some of them become hospice nurses dedicated to care for those that are terminally ill and during their last days of life. The world of nursing career is wide open and new job descriptions are being created all the time as nurses responds to a rapidly changing world. A career in nursing has endless opportunities and that is why I’m much exited to start this program. I would like to thank Dr. Mariano (and Dr. Lewis) for giving me the opportunity to speak to you about why and how I decided at my stage in life to change careers and become a nurse I also want to thank all of you for listening this morning. I wish you the best in your journey through medical school Ciao

Travelodge

Travelodge Travelodge is private hospitality industry. The Travelodge brand was founded by Scott King (Travelodge Corporation Founder) from America. And the first Travelodge was established in San Diego in 1940. Travelodge has several hotel chains around the world and many of them are operated under independent companies without having connection with brand operating in other countries. Travelodge in UK Travelodge in UK was founded in 1985 which brand was bought in 1980 by the same person Lord Forte. It is the first budget hotel brand and now the fastest growing hotel company.Currently Travelodge is serving all over the UK and in Republic of Ireland and Spain. Travelodge has become second largest budget hotel brand and third biggest hotel chain in UK as it contains approximately 26,148 rooms’ within 368 hotels. And since August 2006, till now Travelodge in UK is operated under Dubai International Capital. Newly designed rooms are decorated in new buildings and refurbished hote ls. Every Travelodge in UK contain family rooms, double rooms and disabled rooms. Each rooms feature en-suite bathroom and heater attached in lower wall.Free tea and coffee with kettle is available on attached table. Wi-Fi internet connection is available at all hotels with the small charge add. Whereas for food and beverage there is bar cafe and vending machine in those almost every hotel except very old ones which are very near to other restaurant. These are overall facilities and other more are there. Situation Analysis PEST Political Analysis The rules and regulation is being changing very frequently for the international students which will affect the daily purpose of the Travelodge. Because than half of the workers are international students inTravelodge. But due to the changing rules and regulation, the under graduate students don’t get work permit from 2012 and those workers must leave the job at once. Last time when there was a great festival of Nepalese people the 5 0% of Travelodge in UK were in shortage of housekeepers because most of those international workers and students went back to there country for celebrating their festival. So the changing regulation might affect the smoothness of Travelodge because more than half of the workers are international students in almost every Travelodge.Economical Analysis Economically Travelodge is in very good situation as it is fastest growing hotel and is providing the room in low price. This year Travelodge is proving various special discount offers in every month. Just this March, Travelodge provide a room in ? 10 per night. And Travelodge in UK is also adding 3000 room per year which shows their economic situation is quite good. Social Analysis Nowadays the peoples travel more due to the availability and flexibility of the Travelodge. Their living style is changing as they can afford the hotel rooms.Travelodge has become the needy facility and services in society due to the cheapness, flexibility a nd mobility of it. Technical Analysis Online reservation system is very famous in Travelodge. 80% of booking is made online in Travelodge. The room’s door is opened with car key. Even check-in and check-out can be done in machine inside the Travelodge. Advance online payment is most famous and profitable for both the Travelodge and customers. SWOT Strength In present situation, Travelodge in London is considered as fastest growing hotel chain.It is providing good services like online reservation, excellent customer services plus quality food services. Special disability access rooms are available for handicapped guest. Due to it’s availability in most of the places there is no transportation problems. Good car parking system is provided by Travelodge. Plus point the rooms are cheaper. And the company brand is famous through out famous countries like America, Canada, Australia, etc. Travelodge in UK is providing the room in cheapest price where there are no other compet ators in that matter. WeaknessThere’s no room service in Travelodge and there is no refund policy after the reservation is made. Sometimes there is shortage of workers. And there is problem in personal development of junior staffs. Travelodge also lacks party place. Some workers might be good in work but lack the communication skills. Though the hotel is growing faster, its facilities are stable still. There are no any new promotions. Due to the increasing number of Travelodge there seems to be lacking of marketing expert. Opportunities Travelodge should must make some party place and function rooms.More permanent workers should be collected and hire more marketing experts. With various offers the promotion and advertising is needed. And as being responsible of their workers, Travelodge must fight against the changing rules and regulation. And being in Growth stage, the right place must be filled with Travelodge with proper plan. Threats The changing rules and regulation of U KBA is making hard for more than half of workers in Travelodge as many of them are not going to get the work permit from this coming 2012. And maximum numbers of workers in Travelodge are par time workers including those international students.Premier Inn has more number of hotels and rooms than the Travelodge and it’s only the one which has largest budget hotel brand even being founded after Travelodge. And right now Premier Inn has made the Travelodge second in budget hotel brand. Seasonality Travelodge in UK are very busy in summer. Most of the every people in the UK have holidays from their work in summer season. And in this season it’s favorable for them to travel. Due to cheap and sweet facilities of Travelodge, almost every those travelers prefer more to spend their nights in Travelodge.They visit the place whole day and to spend night there is availability of Travelodge in most every place. Travelodge can be found in most of every famous place. And nowadays the holiday travelers travel many places rather than spending whole holiday by traveling in one place. It’s easy to switch the Travelodge anywhere within the UK for travelers because of its availability. So Travelodge seems abit busy than usual. The traveling to the beach in the summer is very famous in UK. In comparison it’s found that these years more number of UK residents are traveling within the UK than traveling outer country.Where the Travelodge grab the chance to attract the customers and become successful due to it’s reasonable facilities for guest. It has become most flexible for the travelers traveling within the UK. It’s just opposite in winter. Travelodge keeps running but not as much as usual because the people in UK prefer to stay inside home being warm in this season. Whole UK is full of snow in winter season. So most of every peoples do not travel around rather than staying home being warm. Travelodge is quite in this season. So winter seaso n is considered as off pick season of Travelodge in UK;Travelodge occupancy is average in other seasons. This same trend goes every year. And in weekly basis, Travelodge in UK seems busy in the weekend than in weekdays. Product Lifecycle Introduction Growth Maturity Decline [pic] Fig :- Product Lifecycle of Travelodge in UK The figure above shows that, there is Four Stage in Product Lifecycle of Travelodge in UK. In Introduction stage there is one product, limited place and penetrating situation. The size of Market and Growth is very slight and the competition is very few.The marketing cost is high in this stage to test the market. Moreover in this stage it's hard to gain more profit. So in this stage the product must be carefully monitored to ensure the product development or market development. This is necessary because it’s the stage where the business is starting from zero level. Gain awareness is the main marketing objective in this stage. Secondly in Growth stage there is more versions of product and more outlets and start gaining market and cost of product is reduced. The competition is more.The demand increases so the product too, and the sales increases dramatically in this stage. Stress differentiation is the main marketing objective in this stage. Thirdly in Maturity stage there is full product line and maximum outlets. There are many more competitors and every companies fight for market share. It is stage when the high profit is earned by market as a whole. In this stage both marketing and finance become key activities. Pricing is forwarded defending the market share and profit. And the main marketing objective in this stage is maintaining brand loyalty.Lastly in Decline stage there are only best sellers. The competition goes down to normal. Every company tries to stay profitable and promotional activities are quite silent. The profit keeps reducing so the final stage of company is indicated in this stage. The product management is done very carefully to control the amount of stock of the product. In present situation, Travelodge in UK is in Growth stage. Rising profitability is one of the indicators of Travelodge being in Growth stage. Due to the increasing competition Travelodge has reduced the price of room according to the guest’s early booking time. More the advance you booked the room , more the cheaper you will find the room in Travelodge’. And in the present condition sales volume is increasing very significantly. Due to increasing sales volume Travelodge in UK is in process of adding more outlets. It is gaining market share and promotion is automatically increasing. In over all we can say that there is rapid in sales and profit. Travelodge in UK is increasing it’s availability by building more Travelodge. In other words the product lines of Travelodge in UK are widening. Its main reason is because of increasing profit and competition. Marketing ReportGeographically the Travelodge in UK is segmented within whole UK focusing more around the Central London. Few of them are can be found in Country side. Numbers of Travelodge in UK are constructed according to the density. Numbers of Travelodge’s are established inside and around the Central London to make it available within short distance of travel. And wherever the density is high, Travelodge with more rooms is constructed over there. Famous places in the country side are focused and Travelodge are constructed over there. Demographic segmentation is done in Travelodge focusing to the different family sizes.Travelodge in UK are available with family rooms, double rooms and disable rooms where the family rooms are managed separately with different set up for single person, two person or couple, family with one child, family with two child, etc. Same way the double rooms are also managed with different set up for single person and two people. Families with different age can enjoy the Travelodge rooms up to four peo ple. Different rooms are segmented according to the floor and mostly disable rooms are available in ground floor which makes it easy and fast to move to disable peoples.Pshychographically Travelodge is established focusing the social class. According to the location the price of room differs in Travelodge. And to make it affordable for everyone, Travelodge is available with various discount offers. . Travelodge in UK is grabbing the guest while they are in holiday. Every weekend there is holiday for the almost every official worker or any other workers. So Travelodge get busy in weekend. And mainly it is found around the busy places. It is made affordable in such a way that, regular customer, light customer or heavy customer everybody can afford it. Product of Travelodge in UKThe main product of Travelodge in UK is clean room to provide lodging service. And as a side facilities bar cafe is available for food and beverages. As hospitality industry, Travelodge in UK mainly focus for t he guests who are seeking for spending there nights outside. For which Travelodge is available with fresh cleaned rooms. Rooms are with limited facilities according to the number of guest to be inside room. The main things in Double room are like, King size double bed with small attached furniture and dim light. And attached furnished small and big wardrobe with table where LCD TV is also attached on the table.Tea, coffee, sugar and milk packs are arranged in cuddy according to number of guest. Kettle with cups and spoon are sorted on a side of attached table. En-suite attached bathroom is available inside room. Small bins are kept under the table and inside the bathroom. Heater for winter season is attached in lower side of a wall. Breakfast menu, Main menu and Wi-Fi menu are arranged on the table just below the big mirror on the table. Finally the needed linens are fixed inside the room. Similarly the main things in Family room are as same like in Double room but are abit bigger i n size and one sofa is added with single bed under it.More number of wardrobe and single duvets are kept as per the number of guest. And sofa can be converted into single bed and under it there is another single bed. And disabled room is also with the same facilities as in double room but are bigger in size as Family room. Bathroom is bigger than in Family and Double room with special arrangements to make easy for handicapped ones. Bed can be separated into two parts if it’s difficult to the disable guest. And there is one rope to pull for emergency help which alarm’s immediately to the reception after pulling it.Room is as bigger as family room but there is no sofa because of which it is abit wider and easy to move for the handicapped guest. There are other different facilities like daily cleaning the room even if the guests are staying over. More number of pillow, duvets, etc are available for free. And many other services like iron, baby cot, hair dryer, etc are ava ilable with small charge. Even Wi-Fi internet connection facility is also available here with small amount of charge. Bar cafe is there beside the reception for food and beverages. And the vending machine for chocolate, water and cold drinks are available.Pricing Strategy Travelodge in UK is using Skimming strategy. In statistics it’s called riding down demand curve. [pic] Fig:- Skimming Price of Room of Travelodge in UK. The figure above shows the present pricing strategy condition of Travelodge in UK. The X axis is room price whereas Y axis is Quantity of Room. And the curve in the middle that’s the Demand curve of room which is increasing. Lower the price, higher the demand is shown clearly by the figure. In past years rooms of Travelodge in UK used to cost higher than now because it was only the hotel chain with highest budget within the UK.The other reasons are that Travelodge was new hotel in UK and was in its beginning stage. But these years the competitors have arrived. And the usage of Travelodge is increasing day by day. So nowadays the price of room goes like this; If the guest booked the room in seven days advance then it cost ? 29. If they booked the room twenty-one days advance then it will cost only ? 19. For walk-in guest it cost more than ? 45. Generally starting room price is ? 15 for Double room. And also that Travelodge charge the price per room but not per person. According to the season the different offers comes with amazing lower prices.And now Travelodge is renowned as the cheapest hotel in the UK. It is focusing the every type of middle class and normal guest. Travelodge in UK is providing the room in very lower price with very limited and reasonable facilities. Price differs according to the guest behavior. Advance booking and Booking on same day makes the difference in room price. And little amount of charge is asked for other small services like wi-fi, baby cot, etc. The reasons for using such pricing strategies are a s follows: 1. To keep the hotel busy. 2. To compete in market. 3. To maximize the demand. 4. To stay in profit. 5.To satisfy the guest and travelers. Promotion of Travelodge in UK Travelodge in UK promote itself through advertisement. They advertise through various means every time when they bring the new offer. Advertisements are conducted through TV channels, Newspapers and Internet. Even a huge flex just around every Travelodge (? 19 – steal the room) is displayed clearly. Public awareness is in process itself automatically as far as Travelodge can be found in most of every place within and around the London city. There is increasing awareness in public due to its flexibility services and its various discount offer.It is necessary to promote through channels as far as TV has been one of the daily needs in this 21st century. Similarly, it’s same with newspapers which we can see in every peoples hand mostly in the morning time. And through internet, the whole world ca n search and find out about it in details. And the flex around it makes people to know about its cheap room price. Here the URL link is given which directly shows the latest TV advertisement: http://www. youtube. com/user/MrSleepZzzSquad For more you can visit Mr Sleep & the Zzz Squad channel in website called www. youtube. comDistribution Channel Travelodge in UK has direct distribution strategy. The customer is guest and the product is room. As soon as the customers checked-in, they will get a card key, this directly let them inside the room. The rooms are cleaned by the housekeepers and are supervised by supervisor. The new linens enter inside the Travelodge everyday and same way the dirty linens are separated in cage to send it to laundry. The rooms are checked properly after it’s cleaned. Now a product is ready. This product is directly handed to the customer by the Travelodge after the guest paid for it.There is no complicated distribution strategy in Travelodge. It dir ectly hands the product to the customer. Branding Branding is really very important to this organization. ‘Travelodge’ is the brand name which signifies the every Travelodge in UK wherever they are. Travelodge brand name was founded in America but now it’s already been in UK, Canada, Australia, Ireland and Spain. These hotel chains are of same brand name even if it’s under the other independent companies. Yes, we can say its brand name is important because even though it’s controlled by different independent organizations, the brand name is same everywhere.This brand is international brand. ‘Travelodge’ brand name itself is the combination of word travel and lodge. This also means the house where we can stay while we travel. This brand name directly attracts the travelers even from it’s name. Strategic Planning Travelodge need to increase the number of rooms within the busy areas without changing the room price offers of present situation. Travelodge in UK is right now in growth stage. Due to increasing demand Travelodge have great opportunities to upgrade. In my opinion, I think it’s time to increase the number of Travelodge choosing the busy area.The lower price room with safety lodging is everybody’s demand. Travelodge is very suitable for that. More other Travelodge near the famous place must be established. Travelers traveling inside the nation are increasing in UK and for that more rooms must be created in busy destinations. The changing rules and regulation is pushing back the under graduated international students to their own country. And most of every Travelodge in UK are filled with international student’s part time workers. So for this, the fulltime workers with work permit must be searched to replace them.Right these days Travelodge in UK is having very reasonable price for room i. e. , ? 19 if booked in 21 days advance. This offer is amazing that more than 85% of rooms are sold out through online booking in 21 days advance. This offer must be going on. Strategic Aims of Travelodge in UK Travelodge in UK has step up with aggressive growth strategy. As Travelodge is in Growth Stage, it is looking for adding the 3000 rooms per year and 10000 rooms within 3 years. In this coming Olympic 2012, the maximum hotels will be very busy and Travelodge is also going to be one of them. So for that, more rooms are being constructed.It is already press released that 20 new hotels in capital is going to be established with 3500 new rooms for upcoming Olympic 2012. And 750 new jobs will be offered as planned. Travelodge in UK is coming up with more ambitious plans growing its brand name significantly and has already covered the republic areas of Ireland and Spain. It is growing rapidly by choosing the area with strong domestic tourism market. And in this upcoming year 2012 the decoration and furniture inside room is changed to new style ones. The LCD TV is on the tabl e will be on wall in 2012. And other new changes are also arranged.A new biggest low cost hotel called London CityRoad Travelodge is already in release and has five meeting rooms. Travelodge in Heathrow Terminal 5, Euston and Southwark with total 699 rooms is already done. This is established because Heathrow Terminals are going to be busy in coming Olympic year. And there is noticed free shuttle service within the Travelodge of those 5 terminals in Heathrow Airport. The main motive is that everybody would prefer to spend their night under ? 30. Travelodge in UK is already working for 2012 Development Programme with Flagship London Hotel Opening.A new product called Kipshaw is also already introduced by Travelodge in UK. It’s a bicycle rickshaw with complete attached single bed with mattress, duvet and pillow. This service right now is only available in London CityRoad Travelodge and is in process of spreading. SMART objectives Specific Travelodge in UK is growing aggressivel y under certain strategies. It is increasing 3000 rooms per year. It specifies that within upcoming year Travelodge in UK increases 20 more hotels. In total 3500 rooms will be added within Olympic 2012. And it’s also creating job opportunities.It is also specifying to be the biggest hotel brand within the Olympic 2012. There upcoming target is fully linked with Olympic 2012. Measurable The plan to increase numbers of hotel can be measured according to the project starting and ending time. It also depends in counting of how many projects are under process. And it also can be done by estimating the project contract period. For example – there was a project to be finished within six months to construct 3 hotels in Heathrow Terminal 5, Euston and Southwark with 699 total rooms and was successful. AchievableThey are achievable since it’s carried out in many places at once. And also The Flagship London Hotel Opening is helping them for this 2012 development project. I t is moreover almost completed. And it’s becoming fast because some new Travelodge’s are acquired one. Like Chaucher hotel is now going to be converted into 60 rooms Travelodge. Realistic It is in smooth under process as far as 2012 is coming nearer. But it wasn’t that complicated because this project was started from 2007. So every developments are being conducted slowly by estimating the proper time and plan.No longer period is needed to complete it. Flagship London Hotel Opening assist to Travelodge in UK from the very first of this development plan. Time This set objective is to be achieved before the 2012 Olympic starts. Within the starting of Olympic the Travelodge will be success to achieve its target. And seeking the chance Travelodge in UK is in target to gain the name of biggest hotel brand by running together with the Olympic 2012. Ansoff Matrix [pic] http://www. marketingteacher. com/lesson-store/lesson-ansoff. html Fig :- Ansoff MatrixHere in above the figure, we can see there are four strategies in Ansoff Matrix. The first one is Market Penetration where we market our existing product in existing market to customers. It’s also a stage of productivity. We promote our product to increase the revenue with present product. It can be break down into different product and different segments to know in which segment there is market growth or market share growth. After that there’s nothing to do within the Market Penetration to grow the sales and profit. The second one may be any of it among Product Development, Market Development and Diversification.In Product Development strategy, new products are introduced in existing market. It’s done by updating the existing products by changing some features and its looks. Those products replacing the older ones are marketed to existing customers to increase the profit. And In Market Development, the products are not changed but the existing product is introduced in the ne w market. This means to introduce the existing product to new customers by widening the market. It is done by exporting the product and marketing in new region. Lastly Diversification means to be completely in the new market with new product.The Diversification is of two types and are Related Diversification and Unrelated Diversification. Related Diversification means to be diversified in the business which is familiar to previous one. For e. g. – to be diversified from bus business to rail business. Whereas Unrelated Diversification means to be diversified in completely unfamiliar business. For e. g. – to be diversified from noodles business to cloth business. It’s explained more clearly in this video: http://www. youtube. com/user/OxfordLearningLab#p/a/u/0/AORoMxgp428 Among these strategies, the Market Development Strategy is most suitable for the Travelodge in UK.It is suitable because the price quoted by the Travelodge in UK is very reasonable one comparing to the service and facilities that it provides. And the occupancy rate is almost always full i. e. more than 85%. The room price is very cheaper than the other hotels all over the UK and available with sweet service. The many peoples, guest and travelers are attracted to Travelodge and the main reason behind it is that it cost less than ? 30. Most of every customer and travelers in Travelodge are to sleep tight and have safety. So, the product should not be changed inside the Travelodge and its rate of room must be stable.The price of product must remain same to challenge the competitors and to be forward in the market. Whereas the existing product should find new market. The market area must be wide and introduce the same existing product to every other new customer. It should do as it has done in the Republic of Spain and Ireland. Travelodge in UK must wide it’s market internally as well as externally in my view. Keeping the Product Development stable and increasing the Mar ket Development widely seems to be most suitable for the development of the future of the Travelodge in UK. Market Research of Travelodge in UKAccording to the DJS Research Ltd, â€Å"Market Research is a systematic, objective collection and analysis of data about a particular target market, competition, and/or environment. It always incorporates some form of data collection whether it be secondary research (often referred to as desk research) or primary research which is collected direct from a respondent. † Purpose of Research The main purposes of research are as follows: -To find out what’s the satisfaction level of customers with the services of Travelodge. -To find out which aspects of the service makes them happy and which aspect doesn’t make them happy.Both the primary and secondary research must be done to find out the as a whole outcome of Travelodge in UK Firstly let’s outline the stages of marketing research. 1st – Identifying the target group estimating the size of sample for meaningful outcome 2nd – Recruiting, screening and selecting target sample 3rd – Designing Survey questionnaire or guide 4th – Hiring and Training data collection team 5th – Checking and cleaning the data 6th – Analyzing the data and studying the findings (last stage) Identifying the target group estimating the size of sample for meaningful outcomeThere are more than two hundreds of Travelodge in UK. So I think in every Travelodge the occupied costumers must be made as target rather than asking outside pedestrians. This should be done with the customers in and out from Travelodge because outside customers haven’t experienced it yet to tell their satisfaction level. It’s just a waste of time and budget if we do it in society. But doing it inside the Travelodge without missing the customers saves the time and budget. The customer who has already left the hotel must be kept in link by saving there e-mail address.And every customer inside the hotel must be asked without filtering the customers. Each and every customer must be listed in target list. The sample size may differ among the Travelodge’s but is doesn’t matter as far as the number of rooms in them also vary. Recruiting, screening and selecting target sample Travelodge mostly is busy in the weekend and mostly in the weekdays, it’s not so busy. So the research should be done as a whole week occupying customers. The every customer but only the ones inside the hotel must be listed in target. And they should be researched either while they stay more or just before they leave.As far as we are doing everything inside the hotel, every check-in and check-out must be checked and observed properly and manage the sample in time. It is necessary because in Travelodge the some guest may leave without informing. Even the used rooms must be observed to know that how they have used the product. The targets should not be forced if they don’t want to participate. Designing Survey questionnaire or guide For collecting the primary data the questions must be asked to the existing customers about their preferences with the service and about their expenses made on it.The customers should be made easy and free feel to reply while in the process. Hard questions and unnecessary questions should not be asked. The questions must be limited and must meet the objective with its answers. The questions must in both the interview-administered form and self-administered form. Interview-administered form is for the customers inside the hotel whereas self-administered form is for the customers who are linked through the internet. The questions should be framed correctly by avoiding ambiguous words, personal questions and other negative questions.Questions must be sorted in easy way form. Firstly classification question secondly list question thirdly rating and lastly open-ended question. Some of questio n examples are written below: And they can be used as both Interview-administered form and Self-administered form. Classification question Age 18 or under 18 19 to 25 26 to 40 41 to 60 61 over Sex Male Female Members in your room of hotel 1 2 3 4 5 or more List Questions . Why did you choose Travelodge? (Tick all that apply) Cheap Facilities Flexible Comfort Other (please specify) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Which of these services you enjoyed inside Travelodge? (Tick all that apply) Sleeping Bathing Eating Extra service like wi-fi, baby cot, hair dryer, iron, etc. Daily cleaning service Rating Questions: How good do you feel Travelodge services? Very good Quite good Neither good nor bad Quite bad Very bad Open-ended Questions: What do you think about our services? Is it your first time? If then how did you know about Travelodge? What did you like most about Travelodge?Do you have any feedbacks and any recommendation? I f then you can say and suggest without hesitation? Hiring and Training data collection team A separate team should be made to do the research. The active ones with good speaking and smooth fluent communicator must be there. Somebody may not know English, so for them the writing sheet must be prepared in different language. And we can translate those later on. No. of teams must be arrange according to the size of Travelodge. They should be trained properly before starting the research. Data collection methods and process should be clearly mentioned while training.Here now research is done in field, starting primary research according to guide and with the help of trained team. Weekly progress also must be drawn in chart for future purpose. Checking and cleaning the data The collected data must be re-checked and re-arranged. The mistakes in data must be corrected and should be ready by arranging it systematically. The data should be true where fault data should not be mixed. It should be easy to read and understand. The fresh data will be prepared from it. Analyzing the data and studying the findings . The fresh prepared data are inspected, transformed and modeled in this last process.This process concludes the answers of the objectives of individual Travelodge. Now finally, the secondary research starts where the every analyzed data are collected in headquarter of Travelodge in UK located at Thame, England UK. Then, main data analysis is done here to know the answers of the research. This way we can achieve the objectives of our research. ———————– X Room Sales and Profit O Y Stage of Product Life Cycle Total Industry room sales Total Industry Profit O Price of Room Quantity of Room Y X Decreasing Price due to increasing demand Demand

The Future of CADCAM Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Future of CADCAM Assignment - Essay Example It was in the 1950's that the Numerically-Controlled machines were based upon the technology of paper tapes which had proper spaced holes punched into the papers. it is similar to the paper roll which makes piano works having only an inch width which is used to feed the numbers into controller machines. These are wired to join the motors positioning work over the machine tools. These controllers are electro mechanical that allows easy incorporation of the digital technologies in their original form. During the period of late 1960's these Numerically-Controlled machining centers were very easily available for the commercial incorporation of a variety of machining processes, and also enabling the automatic tool changing process. So these tools were capable of performing any work on the many faces of any kind of work further enabling the movement of the work piece to the specified positions which were previously programmed. This programming was done making use of a variety of automatic tools. Thus making it possible to do the same piece of work over and over, automatically with perfection and very little human input. The NC was immediately automated giving a newer level of manufacturing. The incorporation of feedback loops was also done. The development of APT was a breakthrough in the success of the NC technology which is a universal NC programming language. The Automatically Programmed Tools developed in1962, enables the programmers to develop the postprocessors, tailored to each type of NC tool. This helped in the output sharing between different units having different manufacturing capabilities. CAD and CAM Together now: CAD basically uses the software known as TTUA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD/CAM). It assists engineers, architects, designers in their activities. This geometrical tool in the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) also involves a special hardware. These tools are used and incorporated in almost every sector like manufacturing, designing, planning etc using the tools CIM, CAPP, FMS, and JIT etc. The development of Computer-aided design had its effect on the NC technology due to the differences in the formats of various files which were used initially by the drawing and manufacturing programs. " in the CAD world, we take a pencil out of the hand of the operator and place it into the hand of the computer" (Jan Bone,1994). With the newer and variety of CAD applications like Solid Works and Auto Cad and CAM applications like Master Cam, both designing and manufacturing sectors now use these variety of CAD/CAM software. Most of the CAD/CAM software are used more by architects these days, along with product designing and manufacturing. Future trends in CAD/CAM: Though the current CAD/CAM applications are much user friendly and satisfactory, and people do not think there is nay need for advances in the same, but the coming decade will have many advances in techniques and implementation of CAD/CAM, for the creation and manipulation of the work piece geometry. The standards for its applications will give more flexibility to its users in the interfaces, data transfer, computer designing and architecture etc. thus it can be said that these future developments will have a solid impact on both, the numerical control system and the manufacturing applications. By anticipating the basic questions like what is the direction of NC and CAD/CAM What are the

File Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

File - Essay Example The civil society of that time participated actively in bringing about the social change that was unavoidable at that time. The serfs who were considered to possess no civil or human rights were emancipated2. Although this was considered a move against the interests of the land owners; the land owners had to accept it as there was no way out. The elite class of the society was well aware of the public sentiment and despite their unwillingness to allow such reforms to take place; they had to act to shape the face of the society according to their own will as far as possible. The effects of reforms were more visible in judicial, military, governmental and educational sectors. Generally considered a turning point in the history of Russia, the reforms were not welcomed by all sects of the population and there were many who actually rejected the notion of reforms3. â€Å"The period of reforms is considered to be a period of satisfaction and hope for the Russian civil society of that time†. Keeping in view the fact that Russia remained under autocratic control for a considerably lengthy period of its history4, the notion of reforms was warmly welcomed by the oppressed classes of the society. This was primarily due to the reason that the prospect of independence and equal opportunities of growth were a dream come true for the laborer class. Although the reforms were implemented with the idea of bringing improvement in the lives of the poor class; efforts were made to ensure the safety of the interests of the higher classes of the society. Following the abolition of serfdom, a swift change in the pattern of ownership of lands was expected. For the upper class this was considered an act against their interests, whereas the serfs were delighted to see this happening. A peasant reform program was adopted by the government that allowed the peasants get hold of pieces of land. This resulted in a class of property owners who were

DAVID POOL Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

DAVID POOL - Research Paper Example Dave Pool’s war tactics and strategies are best revealed during the Lawrence raid in 1863. Similarly, he undertook remarkable operations in March 1865 with Arch Clement, Jim Anderson and 144 other men in Sherman, Texas. It has been identified that Dave Pool joined Quantrill in July 1862 â€Å"after his uncle, Archibald Poole, was killed and his home sacked by jayhawkers and another member of his family shot† (Captain Francis Marion Pool 1837 – 1899). There are many who hold that Dave Pool is named after the famous Revolutionary War guerrilla, Francis Marion who was also known as the Swamp Fox. The role of the Quantrill Army was no less significant in the American Civil War that they exerted tremendous influence in determining the present status of America. That is why historians regard the Knights of the Golden Circle, or Quantrills Guerrillas or Quantrills Raiders as the most prominent group that helped the confederates. The Missouri-based band was formed in December 1861 by William Clark Quantrill and originally consisted of only ten men who were determined to right the wrongs done to Missourians by Union occupational soldiers (Longley & Eby, 2010). Kansas Jayhawkers and the Red Legs who have widespread in Missouri were their prime enemies. When the Civil War broke out the Quantrill guerrillas could attract many youngsters to their army and in a way they could act as the official arm of the Confederate Army after May 1862, when the Confederate Congress approved the Partisan Ranger Act (Longley & Eby, 2010). Some of the important leaders of Quantrills Guerrillas included William C. â€Å"Bloody Bill† Anderson, David Pool, William Gregg, and George Todd. Quantrill Army was the group of Confederate guerrilla fighters during the American Civil War. William Quantrill has often been referred to as the leader of the army who exhibited audacious nature from the very young age itself.

Role of HR in Developing Talent at Work Literature review

Role of HR in Developing Talent at Work - Literature review Example Hence the role and responsibility of HR as facilitator and developer of talent of its workforce with a view to achieve its overall business objective has assumed key significance over the years. The recent decades has seen a drastic change in demographic patterns, along with significant transformation in the political, economic as well as corporate fields. This has largely contributed to the changing perceptions of the way in which HR addresses issues related to hiring and training of employees (Gandossy & Kao, 2004). Such changes in almost all factors external to the organization are shifting the trends of corporate world, whereby there is a change in negotiation of power as well as the relationship between employers and employees. Talent management and development is being touted as one of the most significant and crucial aspects within the corporate world, today, as established and confirmed by various researchers (Gutheridge, Dommm & Lawson, 2006; Sandler, 2006; Handfield-Jones, Michaels, & Axelrod, 2001). Such studies indicate that effective development and management of talent by the HR has significant impact on the finances of the firm, i.e. there is a direct relationship between talent development and financial returns of the company. The better the talent development and management the higher the profits and returns. The concept of talent management was first conceptualized during the second World War (Capelli, 2008) and assumed greater significance during the late 1990s (Scullion and Collings, 2010). The twentieth century saw a sudden change in the attitudes of the HR management team, whereby the focus was shifted to developing, managing and retaining talent in the workforce. It was during this time that the need and realization for a talented workforce was on the rise and the significance of a talented workforce became one of the crucial aspects of organizations worldwide (Makela et al., 2010). It was established through various studies that the key to maximizing productivity and ultimately profitability was through adoption of a systematic and effective strategy aimed at developing talent at work and through hiring, selecting, developing and retaining a talented pool of employees (Huselid et al., 2005). Developing talent at work has increasingly been accepted as one of the key strategic functions of the HR, in most of the organizations globally. The development of talent, however is not restricted to merely hiring of talented workforce but also includes incorporating development programs with a view to sharpening the skills of the current pool of employees. According to the ex-CEO pf Procter and Gamble - the world's largest consumer groups, their company spends half of their time in developing talent (Holstein, 2005), thus re-affirming the significance of talent development as a key HR function. In the most broadest term, the concept of talent management / development indicates developing a wide range of strategies and policie s aimed at enhancing and developing the skills of employees at the workplace and includes attracting, hiring, developing, utilizing as well as retaining the skills crucial to the organizations and using the abilities and skills of the employees in an optimum manner, for the benefit of the organizat

Concept Identification and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Concept Identification and Analysis - Essay Example He is very wary of rulers who give a lot of power to the citizens as these citizens may turn against him at any time if their interests are not being fulfilled. He views men as â€Å"ungrateful, fickle, deceptive, deceiving, eager to gain, and avoiders of danger† (392). Such people cannot be trusted thus it is better to instil fear in them so that they may remain loyal. The concept of fear is what dominates Machiavelli’s thinking. He believes that a capable ruler is the one feared by his subjects but this does not mean he should be hated as one can be feared and not hated (392). Bearing in mind the human nature, men hate those who steal other people’s property thus he advises princes to stay off other people’s property. Creating fear among citizens is a way of justifying and legitimizing use of power such that the state can win at all cost. In his view, states are most effective when they are able to justify the use of force. This is why he advices rulers to use cultural traditions and religion if need be as justification for attacking an enemy (Grisby, 87). He also advises them that if they want to colonize a territory they must occupy it and confiscate their land so as to assert their power and make them obedient through fear of consequences. The main aim is to keep the population in fear so that they don’t think of overthrowing the state thus state can maintain power. Use of cruelty and unethical means to justify the state’s ends is thus desirable as fear is the optimum basis for ruling (87). Locke: State of Nature On the second Treatise on civilised government, Locke articulates his ideas on the ideal type of government and refutes the idea that men in their natural state (before establishment of government) are not civilised. He calls the period before establishment of government as the state of nature and believes that in this state, men are guided by reason or the law of nature (Chaurasia, 320). In the state of n ature, men have inalienable rights of life, liberty and property are free to dispose of their possessions as they deem fit. They live happily as peace and order is enhanced through cooperation. However, in this state the society lacks organisation and a social being he is bound at some time to want to be in a group where some people are unjust thus need for a governing body (Chaurasia, 296). As such, a government is established whose sole purpose is to protect the rights of citizens thus it draws its power from the consent of the governed (294). The state of nature concept tries to explain the political philosophy of Locke. With natural rights comes the need to protect these rights hence individuals give up part of their rights through a social contract with the state in return for protection of their rights. Popular sovereignty is thus with the citizens. Should the government break the contract by violating people’s rights, then they have the power to dismiss it (Chaurasia, 324). The government is thus the servant of the society whereas political power rests with the people. He thus advocates liberal or laissez-faire form of government which has minimal state intervention being to maintain peace and order through protection of rights. In this form of government, the use of reason or natural laws dictates that no one ought to harm one another and in case that happens, one is liable to punishment (Chaurasia, 320). The

Apple Tree Lane Child-Care and Nursery Centre Assignment

Apple Tree Lane Child-Care and Nursery Centre - Assignment Example After attaining the appropriate licensing, Apple Tree was established and now the facility is capable of supporting higher volume child care. The business maintains three distinct long-term objectives which are based on reputation building, the provision of quality care for all children, and expansion of the business without loss of key provisions to service quality. The complications with establishment of an appropriate marketing strategy include identification of targeting opportunities for key markets, providing a brand reputation through positioning against competitors, and identification of what constitutes quality service dimensions and service structure. This marketing plan encompasses all methods of STP, promotion, service development, quality auditing systems, and methods of differentiating the organisation from existing child care competitors in the region. 2. Segmentation, targeting and positioning Defining the market In order to develop a quality marketing effort, it is necessary to understand the dimensions of what constitutes a market. A market is a group of potential customers dispersed geographically that maintain the potential to make service purchases. To reach these individuals, it requires process planning, recognition of important elements associated with the marketing mix, and maintaining relationships to satisfy individual and organisational objectives (Boone and Kurtz 2007). Markets want to satisfy their utility needs in terms of the overall fulfilment that comes from a particular service (Boone and Kurtz). In order to gain market attention, the business must segment, which is the process of dividing a whole market into smaller, homogenous groups most willing to make purchases at Apple Tree. Once these markets have been identified, targeting occurs in which promotional materials are developed against their service demands, lifestyle, or other demographics in order to maximize profit f or those most likely to utilise the service. On the heels of these activities is positioning, which is â€Å"owning a place in the minds of consumers by concentrating on a single phrase or concept that defines the company values and purpose† (Trout 2008: 18). (b) The vitality of STP to Apple Tree STP is vital to Apple Tree in terms of cost, labour and ensuring that the best fit of potential customers is selected for utilising the service. The business wants to recruit markets that share the same values and child-rearing principles of Jefferies to avoid the need for labour training or dissatisfying consumers. Failure to follow STP models for market reach can lead to high costs of promotional materials, wasted on non-key markets and also force operational and management changes on the organisation for this business. Since Apple Tree’s longevity is centred around revenue building from direct customer transactions, it is important to identify homogenous groups that share t he same child care vision to avoid service failures or perceptions of service failure from markets that utilise the service who do not share Apple Tree vision. (c) Segmentation Jefferies will segment according to the most effective market criteria. The key, potential market availability for Apple Tree are mothers who already utilise child care services, but are constrained by locality (travelling too far). Localizing the service will provide added convenience to the service model. Another market is mothers who are currently

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 15

Human Resource Management - Essay Example The company has a total of 37 aircraft, and more than 9000 employees. Annually, Virgin Atlantic serves 4.5M passengers to major cities globally. The company has grown rapidly. Now serves 31 destinations worldwide, and has a made its mark in pioneering many innovative services packages and has gone ahead to set new guidelines in its industry. The company has continued expanding with the same vigour it began. Although the company has a massive growth streak, Virgin Atlantic is considered customer oriented, with more emphasis on their money value and has offered uniqueness in service delivery and high quality service. The enterprise faces an aggressive competitor in the airline business, British Airways. Virgin Atlantic is one of the most successful business venture taken up by the vast Virgin Group of companies. This report seeks to address in detail, the aspects of some of the concepts and human resources strategies which Virgin Atlantic airways has implemented to achieve such success in employee satisfaction and subsequently in their business field. They seem to have perfected all the five models of Human Resource. These include teamwork, organization culture, performance management, learning, development, and leadership. This report however focuses on how two practises have help improve their employee and system as well as critically analyzing Virgin Atlantic on the these bases of the theories. Virgin Atlantic is passionate about exploration, taking risks, challenging conventions and looking for solutions and that made it the company it is presently. That is how it has developed its perfect brand. An innovator established the brand and made it such a perfect setting to developed ones career. Virgin Atlantic has taken the creativity and innovation seriously and it is considered a place where great service is of concern. The company establishes a comprehensive framework for the career of the employees from the very beginning.

Why I Want a Wife Essay Example for Free

Why I Want a Wife Essay Matthews and Cofer both came from different cultures and both have problems. They lived two completely different lives. Both Matthew and Cofer worried about their friends excepting the fact that they had another culture. They both lived in the United States but had another life that they didn’t like sharing, but their family would not let them forget about it. In â€Å"Don’t Call Me a Hot Tamale† Cofer, â€Å"Pick One,† Matthews, and â€Å"My Two Lives,† Lahiri all face similar adversity, social problems, and tough decision. In all three stories they have different but sometimes life changing decision to make. In â€Å"Don’t Call Me a Hot Tamale,† Cofer, â€Å"Pick One,† Matthews, and â€Å"My Two Lives,† Lahiri all have different yet similar adversity. They all face dilemmas in their everyday life. In â€Å"Don’t Call Me a Hot Tamale,† Cofer gets criticized for the way dressed. When she dresses like her mother and grandmother was taught to wear. They dressed to look sexy for themselves. But others looked down on her for that. In â€Å"Pick One,† Matthews he has to make a decision that he would have to live with the rest of his life. Either he chose to be white or black. Matthews was both black and Jewish. Matthews’s mother was Jewish and his father was black. When he went to his first day of his new school, the kids looked at him. They made him chose black or white. In â€Å"My Two Lives,† Lahiri never got to forget about her second culture. Her parents reminded her every day. Social problems were a big deal for Cofer, Matthews, and Lahiri. They all went through some kind of social problems. In â€Å"Don’t Call Me Hot Tamale,† Judith Ortiz Cofer has social problems because of the way she dresses. People don’t want to talk to a person like her that dresses like that. One night she was having dinner at a nice hotel and after she ate, she went back to her room, and on her way a middle-aged man in a tuxedo stopped her and started singing her a song. In â€Å"Pick One,† David Matthews he has social problems at his new school. One day in the hallway, on his way to class some of his classmates stopped him. Some of the kids were asking him black or white? â€Å"What are you. † He had never heard that before. He went on about his business. Later that day, it was lunch time. He walked into the lunch room and he knew right then he had to pick. It was a very hard decision to make. He made the decision to be white because they looked the most like him, and had more in common with them. In â€Å"My Two Lives,† Jhumpa Lahiri was afraid her friends wouldn’t accept her because she had two cultures. But her parents wouldn’t let her forget about her other culture. She spoke English without a accent, she comprehended the language in a way her parents couldn’t. Because of her looks she did not attend Sunday school. Conflict of growing up was hard for all three of these people â€Å"Don’t Call Me a Hot Tamale,† Cofer, â€Å"Pick One,† Matthews, and â€Å"My Two Lives,† Lahiri all moved from a different country when they was young. They had to learn a new language, understand how to speak English, and make new friends. Even after they mastered the language people still looked at them differently. Judith Ortiz Cofer had to live with people looking at her for the way she dressed. But that was how her mother and grandmother dressed. David Matthews had to live with making a decision that would follow him the rest of his life. His mother was Jewish and his father was black. He had a lot of conflict while he was growing up. Jhumpa Lahiri parents wouldn’t let her forget about her other culture. Hey told her until they pasted away that her second culture would be in her life. In â€Å"Don’t Call Me a Hot Tamale,† Judith Ortiz Cofer, â€Å"Pick One,† David Matthews, and â€Å"My Two Lives,† Jhumpa Lahiri all have different yet similar adversity’s, social problems, and conglict of growing up. In all three stories they all go through life changing experiences. Cofer goes through things because of the way she dresses. Matthews goes through school and has to pick what color he is. And last Lahiri worries about her friends accepting her for who she is.

Stakeholders Involved And Related Ethical Issues Information Technology Essay

Stakeholders Involved And Related Ethical Issues Information Technology Essay We also had on a local well known blog attacks and insults of a ferocity which would never have been gratuitously made in a face to face situation. We tend to feel more unconstrained on the net and often seem to revel in the support which fellow bloggers of the same thoughts tend to give us in an immediate thread response. Examine this situation in the context of the assignment specification especially from the defamation and virtual privacy invasion point of view. Introduction Unethical behavior over the internet is becoming more common. Ranging from private discrete stalking termed cyber-stalking to public defamation, it is becoming increasingly imperative to analyze the ethical issues at stake in these situations. For a personal gain, the stalker makes use of the internet to harass and defame his victim by publicly posting private sensitive information about his victim or spreading false rumors. Facts about Online Stalking Due to the spreading of the Internet across all institutions worldwide, it has become much easier for stalking to take place. Every person probably has personal data available on the Internet, either being on a personal web page or profile; or else being available to search for in government, institutes and organizations databases. Online stalking is much easier than traditional physical stalking due to various reasons: The person being stalked would probably not be aware of such a fact until the stalker initiates contact with the victim Cyber stalking can be done from the comfort of the stalkers home, or from anonymous locations such as a public internet cafà © or an office environment (1). The most crucial fact is that it is done remotely and not by confronting the actual victim. The ferocity and malicious intent would probably be greater as the aggressor feels more unconstrained on the net than in a face to face confrontation. Several online technologies can be used to stalk online (cyber-stalking). For a stalker to research about the victim, traditional search engine as well as profiles on social networking sites such as Facebook and MySpace can be used. To make direct contact with the victim, the stalker may make use of Instant Messaging (IM) services, online forums, and chat rooms. Alternatively the stalker may try to elicit a response from the victim by using techniques such as publishing defamatory statements about the victim in public places such as a web site, message boards, or a fake blog run in the victims name (2). Cyber-stalking and cyber-bullying is much more aggressive than if done face to face. The term cyber-bullying is more commonly associated when teenagers are involved in stalking and bullying online, while cyber-stalking is used for stalking involving adults. Dr. Bamford in (3) explains that the anonymity of the stalker greatly reduces traditional social and contextual attitudes such as tone of voice used and relevant body language. Anonymity can be achieved either by submitting comments in public places such as forums without an ID to trace back to the poster, or else using an alias with the aim of masking the aggressors identity. Without these attitudes, social norms and constraints are neglected, and further like-minded people might participate with the stalker in harassing the victim. Anonymity can also be easily achieved by using an anonymous remailer service (4). This would be specialized software aiming to achieve anonymity in the sending of emails. It strips the originating address from an email message and forwards it to its intended destination. All header information that might be used to track the sender is removed. According to U.S. statistics in 2007 (5), the majority of stalking victims are female at 78%. On the other hand, the majority of stalkers are male at 87%. Victims of stalking can range from a single person to whole organizations. A previous failed relationship can be a motivator for harassing a single person for emotional gain, while possible financial gain is a motivator for harassing groups or an organization. It is to the stalkers advantage however if the victim is singled out, making stalking on a single person more common than harassing a group of people. The main motives of stalking, as identified in (1), are: Stalking an ex-partner of a sexual relationship even after the relationship comes to an end. This can be due to a certain party not willing to accept that the relationship is over. Stalking however also takes place during a relationship. In a research by Tjaden and Thoennes in (6), it was concluded that nearly 60% of females are stalked by their male partner, while 30% of males are stalked by their female partner. Stalking with the aim of vengeance on the victim. This type is the most dangerous as the stalker is probably premeditating a violent attack on the victim due to a previous grudge. It is to be noted that the majority of this type of stalker are male. Stalking due to mental illnesses, ranging from delusional stalkers suffering from depressions to harasser stalkers suffering from a certain attention-seeking personality disorder. After obtaining the necessary vital information, in most cases the stalker exposes it publicly to defame his victim. Such public places include chat rooms and more commonly community areas such as online profiles and forums. The stalker may assume the identity of the victim by posting inflammatory and probably fictitious information in the name of the victim to elicit a response from the community (5). This type of action, termed Masquerading, is discussed later on. There are several defamatory actions that are viewed as illegal and prosecuted, some of which, as mentioned in (4), include the sending of malicious and threatening private messages over the Internet to the intended victim, libel at the intended victim, as well as the publication of messages in public places such as on a web site that show malicious intent to commit acts of hate-motivated violence. Cyber bullying is common in adolescent teens. In a survey carried out in (7), it was reported that 43% of U.S. teens have experienced some form of cyber-bullying in the previous year. This may be due to a lack of knowledge about the reason and the ways to protect private information. The internet and virtual communication environments in general, provide a perfect medium for a cyber bully to defame the victim constantly, even after school hours. In June 2003, a twelve-year old Japanese girl ended up killing her classmate after the latter defamed her on the Internet by the posting of certain messages (3). An example of group bullying is what happened to Canadian boy David Knight (3), who was a victim of a hate campaign when school mates built an online web site entitled Hate David Knight. The website contained defamatory pictures and abuse towards the victim. The group also encouraged the global online community to join their hate campaign. Another form of cyber attacks that is common amongst teens is Masquerading (3). This term refers to either when the stalker/attacker poses as somebody else who is close to the victim, or as the victim itself. In the first case, one can make use of the victims closest friend mobile phone to send harassing messages in the name of the friend, for example. In this way, the harasser remains anonymous while at the same time confusing the victim. In the second form of Masquerading, the stalker may obtain the victims login details for personal places such as personal blog, webpage or Facebook profile. This exchange of passwords amongst teens is very common, as it is considered a sign of true friendship and trust (3). The stalker would then proceed to defame the victim by posing as the victim himself/herself, producing a creditable and real scenario for fellow online friends to witness. Suicides due to Cyber-Stalking and Cyber-Bullying The effects of cyber-stalking on the victim can be quite damaging. We analyze two such cases where victims ended up committing suicide after being stalked or harassed over the Internet. The first case is the suicide of Megan Meier, a thirteen-year-old teenager that committed suicide on 17th October 2006 after being cyber-bullied on MySpace, a popular social networking website (8). A fake profile was set up on MySpace in the name of a 16-year-old boy named Josh Evans who wanted to befriend Megan. On the day of the suicide, Megan and Josh had an argument online. Some other participants also joined in and in no time, there were messages and bulletins being sent to friends and schoolmates containing false accusations about Megan about her physique and sexual tendencies. This led to Megans suicide. From this case we can see how dangerous such a situation can be over the Internet, where like-minded people join with the stalker and behave unethically and inappropriately to the detriment of the victim. The second suicide case took place in Abu Dhabi when Emma Jones, a British teacher killed herself (9) after being defamed on the social networking site Facebook. The responsible harasser was her ex-boyfriend, who posted naked photos of Emma on Facebook. Allegedly he had obtained the photos illegally from Emmas computer. This public defamation coupled with the fact that she was working in an Islamic country that is very restrictive on such issues contributed to Emmas suicide. Stakeholders Involved and Related Ethical Issues At first glance, the stakeholders in cyber-stalking are mainly the stalker and the victim. However, it may not always be that clear to identify all stakeholders. The victims near family can become a stakeholder due to the victims possible actions, such as suicide, after being the victim of a privacy invasion or of public defamation. The controlling authorities of mediums that aided the stalker in retrieving sensitive information about the victim are also stakeholders. This however cannot be stated conclusively as legislations vary across various jurisdictions. In a certain jurisdiction, an action may be considered legal while in others it may not. In a case study of internet stalking (10), a twenty-year old girl named Amy Boyer from New Hampshire was murdered in October 1999. The murderer, Liam Youens, used to stalk her on the internet by searching for her personal information. Using search engine tools that are readily available to everyone, he was able to go through online databases and learn where his victim lived, worked and other personal details. He then set up two web sites, one of which publicly exposed all of Amys private details he managed to get hold of. On the other site he explicitly described his plan of murdering Amy. In this case, Amys immediate family members are stakeholders as they have to suffer her loss. The involvement of organizational entities as potential stakeholders is subject to ethical dilemmas. For example, the ISPs hosting the web sites might have a responsibility of monitoring the contents it hosts to avoid such cases. Also, the users reading the web sites might have an ethical obligation of informing the relevant authorities and assist the victims. We can therefore conclude that it is not always a clear-cut answer when identifying the involved stakeholders. They vary according to the case as well as what we judge as ethically right or wrong. In the case where the stalker is still an adolescent, the parents and teachers are also stakeholders as they are responsible for the development and education of the person in question. When they however see the deficiencies of laws and technology to deal with such issues, they realize they are quite powerless to avoid such a situation. As regards laws related to cyber-bullying, they are ambiguous and poorly put into practice (3). One reason for this is the lack of technical expertise and resources on the parts of the authorities such as the police, which would make it difficult to actually enforce the laws. The authorities would not have a clear understanding of a certain situation if necessary education and training has not been provided beforehand to deal with such situations. If we are to ethically analyze the shareholders in various situations concerning the internet, we first have to know who supposedly is in control of a situation and who has to take responsibility (11). Internet infrastructure companies such as Cisco and Oracle are considered as shareholders by some as they provide the internet network. However although these companies may provide the backbone structure, they would have limited interest in the content on their infrastructure. One can direct the blame on the ISPs, however these host limited content. Most newsgroups and chat rooms are nowadays hosted independently not by ISPs, and are not always easy to trace. It can be argued that a paradigm shift of Internet content has occurred from locally to globally (11). Whereas previously we had specialist ISPs hosting and providing all the content, we moved on to an era where the content is provided by the general end users. Examples of this are personal blogs and Twitter feeds. ISPs cannot be relieved of all the blame though. Even though one cannot expect them to pre-check content posted by their users, they should be willingly able to help should they receive a complaint or notification about particular content they are hosting or malicious users making use of their ISP services. Roger Darlington in (11) suggests that we first should understand what the word ethics means and represents in the context of the Internet before we can conclude who is a stakeholder or not. To have a better understanding of who is responsible for what on the Internet, he suggests that: We should accept that the Internet is not a value-free zone. We should act in a civilized manner as in the end it is us (the end users) who shape the Internet when providing content and services. Our actions on the Internet should be consistent with what we do in the real life. We should comply with laws when making use of the Internet in the same way as we do practically. The author suggests that we do not invent a new set of laws and values for the Internet; instead we apply the laws we are used to in the physical world for issues including discrimination, pornography and copyrights to name a few. We should be aware that the Internet is used by people from different cultures, religions and ethnicity. Where possible we should thus try to accommodate as much of the Internet society as possible. We should be responsive and accept feedback from the Internet user community. Ethical Issues One should make a discrepancy between what is legal and what is ethical. An action might be considered legal yet unethical. There is no law stopping a divorced man from setting up an online profile pretending to be a middle-aged woman who wants to befriend his ex-wife. Most people however would consider this behavior unethical. Although ethics are only moral guidelines and are not imposed on us like law is, they are more worldwide in judging if an action is right or wrong. As we already mentioned, various jurisdictions have inconsistent laws about similar issues concerning private information. In some countries, it may be legal to accumulate personal data on its citizens and store them in a public repository, while this practice might be illegal in other countries wishing to protect the citizens privacy. Ethical dilemmas arise in such a case. A stalker citizen living in a country that protects privacy can use a paid service that operates in a country where there is no privacy protection to obtain information about his victim that lives in the stalkers country. The service is not illegal as it operates from a different country, however such action borders on whether it is ethical or not. It is difficult to deal with such ethical issues due to a lack of technological understanding from certain authority parties. Political parties demanding that there should be more control on hosted content such as newsgroups and chat rooms would most of the time have limited knowledge about how these are hosted. Also they ignore the fact that it is a near impossible scenario to monitor and control all the information exchange that takes place. Even when laws are not in place, a responsible party such as a web hosting company should have a moral responsibility to control the content it hosts. For example, if a company hosts a web site about how to make or detonate a bomb, it should not walk away claiming to not be responsible if such information is made use of by members of the public for malicious purposes. Roger Darlington in (11) proposes some useful solutions to prevent ethical problems on the internet such as cyber stalking and cyber bullying. Laws should be modernized to reflect changing times and to make them in context with the use of the Internet. They should take into account new crimes that are not possible in the physical world such as grooming of under-age girls in chat rooms as well as cyber stalking to name a few. Such actions should be punished by crime fighters who are specifically technically trained for such high tech situations. These fighters should possess all necessary resources to tackle such cyber criminals. As already mentioned, most of cyber stalking and bullying takes place in open online communities, where the harasser can defame and expose his victim in front of a large audience. Due to this fact, these spectators witnessing such unethical behavior should be morally obliged to take action and help the victim. In the United Kingdom, the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) runs a hotline where Internet users can confidentially report such criminal behavior or contents. These foundations would be equipped with knowledge and techniques how to deal with such situations by judging the legality of the cases and identifying the culprits. If the content is deemed illegal and is hosted within the foundations jurisdiction area, they can issue a notice to the relevant ISP hosting the material to take action by removing the content (11). Maltese Law In 2002, the Data Protection Act (12) was amended in Malta to protect private data from getting into the hands of cyber-stalkers, cyber-bullies, harassers, and all those with a malicious intent to defame or invade the privacy of a victim. The document contains a number of clause articles that help protect private data. The seventh Article ensures that when data is processed, it is processed fairly and lawfully. The data collected should be specific and used for explicitly stated legitimate purposes. This clause protects the subject from revealing more data than is necessary or required. Article nine of the document clearly states that the subject must give consent before such data provided can be processed. The subject also has the right to revoke his/her consent to sensitive data processing providing legitimate grounds for the revocation. This is specified in Article 11. Cyber-stalkers wishing to learn personal information about a subject can illegitimately pose as a third-party company that makes use of this sensitive data for marketing purposes. Article 10 of the Data Protection Act specifically protects the subject from such third-parties by having the choice not to disclose his information with such parties. Article twelve focuses specifically on Sensitive Personal Data, and states that the processing of sensitive data can only take place if the subject gives consent or else has made this sensitive data public. This latter case is one which stalkers profit from, as they make use of already publicized data to defame an individual without any needed consent from the subject in question. They would not have obtained the information illegally as it would be publicly available, for example on the victims Facebook profile. One can easily view pictures of the victim and read personal information such as locality and workplace if the victim has not adjusted his/her privacy settings accordingly. Only in extreme cases, such as if a subject is being investigated or is an issue for national security, public security or the defense should secrecy restrictions be temporarily lifted. This is stated in Article 23. The Data Protection Act also prevents third parties with possible malicious intentions from processing and accessing personal data. In fact, Article 25 specifies which persons are authorized to process data. In the previous section, we discussed whether it is ethical if a stalker citizen living in a country that protects privacy can use a paid service that operates in a country where there is no privacy protection to obtain information about his victim that lives in the stalkers country. Article 27 deals specifically with such a case, whereby the transfer of sensitive data to a third country is subject to it having adequate levels of protection for this data. So if this third country does not protect the data as resiliently as the citizens country, then the third country would have no right in requesting for such information. Ethical Analysis: Consequentialist Theory A consequentialist ethical theory is a theory that focuses on the overall general consequences arising from an action. This type of ethical theory judges the rightness or wrongness of an action by analyzing the consequences of such an action. In fact it can be defined as a general normative theory that bases the moral evaluation of acts, rules, institutions, etc. solely on the goodness of their consequences, where the standard of goodness employed is a standard of non-moral goodness. (13) Utilitarianism is an example of a consequentialist ethical theory. In Utilitarianism, an action is considered ethically right if it results in the best consequences. Jeremy Bentham, an ancient philosopher and advocate of utilitarianism, defines a right action as that action is best that produces the greatest good for the greatest number (14).   However it is not always clear how a quantitative measurement of right or wrong due to an action can be defined. Also it is difficult to compare utilities as they are subject to individual interpretations. One can argue that harm done to a man and a tree should be treated equally as bad, while others argue that harm done to a human is more wrong than harming a tree. The utilitarian theory does not state that no wrong consequences can result from an action. It is only concerned with the greater good, so if a small minority of people suffers great harm while the vast majority enjoys a small benefit, the overall action is considered as ethically right. Apart from being concerned with the consequences from an action, Utilitarianism can also be applied to laws and rules. This type, called Rule Utilitarianism is concerned with the consequences from a rule. A rule is considered good if it satisfies the majority of the people. Applying this ethical theory to the concept of cyber-stalking and harassment over the Internet, we must decide if an action is morally right or wrong by analyzing the consequences it has on the respective shareholders. The amendment and enforcement of legislation against cyber-stalking is ethically right in a consequentialist view. It harms the minority that go against it, however the majority of the Internet society benefit from having a safer environment. The same argument can be applied to the already-mentioned ethical issue about whether ISPs should monitor the contents they host and act if a complaint is received. By controlling the content they host, ISPs would be punishing those who post malicious messages or information by banning them from posting for example. The greater good is ensured though, as the Internet society as well as the potential victims of such harassers would have a safer future experience on the Internet. Ethical Analysis: Duty Theory A duty ethical theory, or Deontology, is rather different from Consequentialism. In Deontology, an action is right if it satisfies a principle or moral rule, without any concern for the overall consequences. It is the acts that determine if something is ethically right or wrong, not the consequences as in Consequentialism. Morality is determined according to rationally recognizing ones duties towards others (15). Same as in Consequentialism, Deontology can also be branched into two types: a set of ethical theories concerning actions and another set concerning the rules (15). Both sets of ethical theories however state that the good comes from our own ability to carry out our moral obligations. Kantianism, or Kantian Ethics, is an example of a deontological ethical theory which falls under the deontological set of theories concerning rules. Kant states that for one to act morally right, he needs to act according to his duty, which must be good in itself. The motives of the action ultimately determine if an action is ethically right or wrong. In cyber-stalking, the stakeholders must act according to what their duty is. Taking the ISP ethical issue, the ISP must always seek to satisfy and protect his clients, providing that what they are posting on the Internet is morally correct. We discussed many cases where the stalker or harasser hides behind anonymity to attack the victim. It is the duty of the stalker to respect the victim over the Internet and act in a consistent way as he would when face-to-face with the victim. Failing to do so will result in unethical behavior according to Kantianism. All stakeholders must perform their duty to behave ethically correct. We shall take into example the already discussed case where a citizen makes use of a detective service operating in a third country to discover information about another person living in his country. Law makers and law enforcers in both countries should act ethically and perform their duty in protecting their citizens, by amending specific laws which protect a persons privacy even online. In this scenario, it would become illegal to obtain such information using this service, thus it will be the citizen requesting information who is behaving unethically. In the Amy Boyer case, the general public who read the websites set up by Liam Youens had the duty to inform the relevant authorities such as the ISP hosting the websites. According to the Kantianism view, the complaint by these users to the relevant authorities is the correct ethical action to perform. Conclusion Cyber-stalking and online harassment is a major issue that is ever increasing as more people make use of online facilities to disclose private information. Whether disclosing the data involuntary, by filling forms with sensitive data that ends up being shared with third-parties, or voluntary by posting it on personal profiles such as Facebook and MySpace, it is becoming increasingly likely and easier to stalk a person by obtaining all necessary personal information. Such stalking often has devastating effects on the victim. We discussed several cases where acts of stalking or defamation over the Internet ended up with the victim committing suicide. In most cases, this would be because of the public humiliation suffered by the victim when the harasser and similarly-minded people behave unethically over the Internet. We showed that such people feel more unconstrained when attacking from a safe and anonymous environment than when facing the victim in the physical world. Legislations need to be devised to minimize such cases as much as possible. Locally, the Data Protection Act is one such legal document that protects sensitive data of the citizens. The problem however lies with inconsistencies between various jurisdictions in accepting and implementing such legislations. Only when a set of unambiguous and consistent rules is devised can all the relevant stakeholders in such cyber-stalking issues know what the right course of action to behave ethically is. To help us in our moral and ethical judgment and how we should act in cyber-stalking issues, we discussed and contrasted the two major theories of ethics of conduct: Consequentialism and Deontology. While Consequentialism states that the right action is the one that produces the most intrinsic good for the majority of the stakeholders, Deontology states that the right action is to perform ones duty in the circumstances. For both ethical theories, we focused on Utilitarianism and Kantianism respectively as a practical example. For each, we evaluated how the stakeholders should act when faced with the ethical issues and cases that were discussed.

If I See A Ghost Are My Senses Essay example -- essays research papers

IF I SEE A GHOST ARE MY SENSES TO BLAME? To complement the full apprehension of the terms which will be used throughout this argument, a number of meanings taken from The Lexicon Webster Dictionary is provided: GHOST The soul or spirit of a dead person. A disembodied spirit. HALLUCINATION (psy) an apparent perception, as by sight or hearing, for which there is no real external cause, as distinguished from illusion ILLUSION A false impression or belief. False perception or conception of some object of sense. A perception of a thing which misrepresents it, or gives it qualities not present in reality. GOD Creator and ruler of the universe, eternal, infinite spirit, the Supreme Being. “Hobgoblins, ghoulsand other malevolent forces are part of our cultural heritage. But can these nightmares simply be dismissed as superstitious by-products of the medieval mind?'; Introduction to Creatures from Inner Space by S. Gooch The subject will be argued from the two possible, yet opposite, sides: the “ghost'; as a non-existent and the “ghost'; as an existent spirit. This will be done through the elements of perception. Perception, although being so complex, is the medium by which individuals receive information from the surrounding world. Let us consider the situation where a person believes that s/he has perceived a ghost. This can be an optical illusion created by the classical example of shadows, or by sound (the wind) which when applied to them the Gestalt psychology we can understand how anyone of us can derive a form from the few elements perceived and rush to a conclusion. Gestalt psychologists have shown how humans use their interests to structure the information perceived, therefore not considering the different parts making it up. As we can see clearly, in an illusion it’s the minority of the outer senses which are stimulated. Same thing with hallucination, but this time the inner senses do probably play a stronger role. We all know how young persons, when exposed to ghost stories, do have nightmares and/or restless nights. From this we can understand how this retrieval of memory together with imagination and lack of “common sense'; can bring about hallucinations. In fact these same “tricks'; are what wannabe mediums use in order to deceive their clients. The client has already a strong ... ...e. I do profoundly agree with the Kant’s philosophy that all knowledge is achieved through experience and filtered through our reasoning processes. It is just that most of the times we are not aware of the input, or else we are not ready to acquire it! Probably this is the factor that creates humans with (the so called) paranormal potentials. Bibliography S. Gooch, Creatures From Inner Space, Hutchinson Publishing Group: London, 1984 S. Borella, L’Io Nella Percezione, Citta` Nuova: Rome, 1983 W. G. Chase (Ed.), Visual Information Processing, Academic Press: New York, 1973 R. Boar and N. Blundell, The Worlds Greatest Ghosts, Hamlyn: London, 1995 C. Green and C. McCreery, Apparitions, Hamish Hamilton: London, 1975 The New American Bible, Good Counsel Publishers: Chicago, 1971 D. F. Kellerman (Ed.), The Lexicon Webster Dictionary, Lexicon, 1977 S.P.I.R.I.T, Psychokinesis available: www.ghosthunter.org/archives/ philip.htm J. Ritchie, Inside The Paranormal, Fontana: London, 1992 READING: A http://www.ghosthunter.org/archives/philip.html READING: B Creatures From Inner Space READING: C Inside The Paranormal READING: D The Worlds Greatest Ghosts

Herbrandss Theorem :: essays research papers

Herbrand’s Theorem Automated theorem proving has two goals: (1) to prove theorems and (2) to do it automatically. Fully automated theorem provers for first-order logic have been developed, starting in the 1960’s, but as theorems get more complicated, the time that theorem provers spend tends to grow exponentially. As a result, no really interesting theorems of mathematics can be proved this way- the human life span is not long enough. Therefore a major problem is to prove interesting theorems and the solution is to give the theorem provers heuristics, rules of thumb for knowledge and wisdom. Some heuristics are fairly general, for example, in a proof that is about t break into several cases do as much as possible that will be of broad applicability before the division into cases occurs. But many heuristics are area-specific; for instance, heuristics appropriate for plane geometry will probably not be appropriate for group theory. The development of good heuristics is a major area of research and requires much experience and insight. Brief History In 1930 Kurt Godel and Jaques Herbrand proved the first version of what is now the completeness of predicate calculus. Godel and Herbrand both demonstrated that the proof machinery of the predicate calculus can provide a formal proof for every logically true proposition, while also giving a constructive method for finding the proof, given the proposition. In 1936 Alonzo Church and Alain Turing independently discovered a fundamental negative property of the predicate calculus. â€Å"Until then, there had been an intense search for a positive solution to what was called the decision problem – which was to create an algorithm for the predicate calculus which would correctly determine, for any formal sentence B and any set A of formal sentences, whether or not B is a logical consequence of A. Church and Turing found that despite the existence of the proof procedure, which correctly recognizes (by constructing the proof of B from A) all cases where B is in fact a logical consequence of A, there is not and cannot be an algorithm which can similarly correctly recognize all cases in which B is not a logical consequence of A. "It means that it is pointless to try to program a computer to answer 'yes' or 'no' correctly to every question of the form 'is this a logically true sentence ?'" Church and Turing proved that it was impossible to find a general decision to verify the inconsistency of a formula.